Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

基于GIS/RS和USLE鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀变化

将空间信息技术（RS和GIS）和通用土壤流失方程（USLE）相结合对鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量进行计算。分别利用1990年和2000年TM/ETM+影像分类得到两期土地利用/覆盖类型图,结合鄱阳湖流域数字高程模型（DEM）、土壤类型分布图和流域降雨资料分别获取USLE模型中各因子值的空间分布,最后计算流域2个年份的土壤侵蚀空间分布图。研究表明：鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀区域主要分布在赣江上游,信江上游,抚河上中游和修水上游地区;鄱阳湖流域1990年和2000年大范围土地经受着Ⅰ级微度与Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀,其侵蚀面积之和分别占流域面积的97.38%和97.30%;而流域产沙主要来源于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀,所占土壤侵蚀总量分别为58.16%和51.20%,其中中度以上等级的侵蚀对产沙量的贡献是不可忽视的;从1990年到2000年土壤侵蚀等级变化呈现了由中等级侵蚀（Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀）向低等级（Ⅰ级微度侵蚀）和高等级侵蚀（Ⅴ级极强度和Ⅵ级剧烈侵蚀）的2个极端演化的趋势。鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量从1990年到2000年增长幅度达6.3%;土壤平均侵蚀模数都约为1 100 t/(km2·a),属于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀。分析2个年份的土地利用/覆盖变化,发现鄱阳湖流域湿地和农田面积减少,建筑用地增加均是造成土壤侵蚀量增加的因素,而降雨侵蚀力因子空间格局也对土壤侵蚀空间分布具有重要影响,最后提出了鄱阳湖流域水土保持规划措施。     

低温对早稻幼穗分化期叶片生理特性的影响及其与产量的关系

为了探讨低温("小满寒")对早稻幼穗分化期水稻叶片生理特性及产量性状的影响,本研究以30℃/25℃为对照,利用人工气候室进行试验,研究低温(22℃/17℃)下水稻叶片的生理生化变化特征,并分析其与产量之间的灰色关联度。结果表明,随低温处理时间的延长,水稻光合色素呈先上升后下降趋势,并在处理后4 d达最大值。水稻光响应曲线的最大光合速率、光饱和点及光能初始利用效率均随着低温胁迫时间的增加逐渐下降,而光补偿点则呈上升趋势。在荧光参数方面,光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递效率(ETR)及PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)呈先下降后上升的趋势,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)则随着胁迫时间的延长于处理6 d达最大值。叶片SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,而CAT活性随着胁迫时间的延长逐渐下降。另外,水稻产量、穗长、结实率、成穗率及千粒重等均随低温处理时间的延长而减少。通过灰色关联度分析各个性状与产量之间的关联度,依次为每穗实粒穗长二次枝梗数一次枝梗数千粒重CAT活性,且其关联度均大于1。CAT活性、光能初始利用效率、光饱和点、ETR、Fv/Fm及叶绿素a/叶绿素b等生理生化指标也与产量关联度较高,可作为低温影响下产量评价与估算的指标。     

Carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests in Shenyang,China

Urban forests can play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Quantification of carbon (C) storage and sequestration by urban forests is critical for the assessment of the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric CO₂. This paper provides a case study of the quantification of C storage and sequestration by urban forests in Shenyang, a heavily industrialized city in northeastern China. The C storage and sequestration were estimated by biomass equations, using field survey data and urban forests data derived from high-resolution QuickBird images. The benefits of C storage and sequestration were estimated by monetary values, as well as the role of urban forests on offsetting C emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The results showed that the urban forests in areas within the third-ring road of Shenyang stored 337,000 t C (RMB92.02 million, or $ 13.88 million), with a C sequestration rate of 29,000 t/yr (RMB7.88 million, or $ 1.19 million). The C stored by urban forests equaled to 3.02% of the annual C emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and C sequestration could offset 0.26% of the annual C emissions in Shenyang. In addition, our results indicated that the C storage and sequestration rate varied among urban forest types with different species composition and age structure. These results can be used to help assess the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric CO₂ in Shenyang. In addition, they provide insights for decision-makers and the public to better understand the role of urban forests, and make better management plans for urban forests.     

Quantification and comparison of wheat yield variation across space and time

Research about spatio-temporal variation of crop yield does not abound. From a precision agriculture (PA) perspective and particularly considering site-specific crop management (SSCM), this is an aberration. There is a serious need to further question how temporal variation of crop yield impacts ones ability to manage spatial variation. The aim of this study is to consider and develop new and existing approaches to this question. Spatio-temporal analysis was undertaken for two wheat fields in South Australia with 3 and 4 years of wheat yield data. Temporal analysis included the calculation of semi-variance across each field between pairs of years for the creation of maps and the calculation of rank correlations between pairs of years. These analyses supported previous notions that the magnitude of temporal variation is large compared with spatial variation. However, some consistence of spatial patterns between years was also observed for each of the fields indicating that considering magnitudes of variation alone is not an exhaustive analysis. A long-term (100 years) temporal analysis using variograms was undertaken for a single point simulated using the Agricultural Production Simulator Model (APSIM). The long-term analysis overcame the fact that 3 or 4 years of yield data are an extremely small sample size for the time dimension. This analysis provided some useful insight into temporal variation such as a large nugget variance accounting for 75% of the temporal variation and the cyclical nature of temporal yield variation. A novel use of pseudo cross semi-variograms was applied to a spatio-temporal analysis of yield variation for the two fields. This analysis provides a preliminary insight into identifying space–time variance equivalents. With greater depth of temporal crop yield data this is a promising perspective from which to identify optimal spatial management strategies.     

江西早稻高温逼熟气象灾害指数保险费率的厘定

以江西早稻“五优157”为试材,于2012年在早稻灌浆期利用人工气候室模拟高温逼熟的气候模式（白天35℃/夜间28℃分别持续2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16d）,建立早稻减产率与高温持续天数间的关系模型.再依据江西省11个市1960-2007年气象数据,采用Weibull分布模型模拟不同地区发生高温逼熟的概率,结合减产率模型确定免赔额为15％、30％、45％的保险纯费率.结果表明：“五优157”的减产率（y,％）与灌浆期高温持续天数（x）呈对数函数关系,即y=32.082lnx-22.681;鹰潭和赣州地区的高温逼熟发生概率较高,达87.5％,抚州、景德镇、宜春和萍乡等地区较低,均在70％以下;江西省高温逼熟气象灾害指数保险纯费率呈北高南低的趋势,鹰潭地区的纯费率最高,达4.707％,宜春地区的纯费率最低,为2.138％.研究认为在免赔额为30％时的纯费率较适宜,研究结果可为江西省早稻开展政策性气象指数保险提供科学依据.     

1961—2015年甘肃省伏旱时空分布特征及影响分析

利用甘肃省80个气象观测站1961—2015年伏期（7—8月）历年降水资料对伏旱发生的频率、范围和年代际变化的统计分析表明：河西走廊伏旱频率为30%～55%,是甘肃省频率最高的区域,其次为陇中北部、陇东和陇南,陇中南部和甘南伏旱发生频率最小,为20%～30%。近55 a甘肃全省和河东伏旱频率的增加趋势为3.7%～5.7%;伏旱发生范围在1961—1985年期间呈9.6%·10a^-1的缩小趋势,而在1986—2015年期间呈0.2%·10a^-1的扩大趋势;自20世纪80年代以来伏旱强度大于中伏旱的年份共有7 a。伏旱导致了1985—2015年甘肃省农作物受灾面积呈1.1%·10a^-1的增加趋势。     

高温逼熟对江西省双季早稻产量的影响

基于1994—2013年江西省14个农业气象观测站早稻生育期和产量结构数据、气象数据和2005—2013年的逐时气温数据,分析了近20年高温逼熟灾害发生的趋势和高温逼熟灾害发生时气温的日变化特征,以早稻成熟期30、32、34、35、36和37℃以上有效积热及累计时长作为高温因子,与千粒重和单产进行相关分析,与减产率进行回归分析。结果表明:1)1994—1999年,研究区域未发生高温逼熟灾害。2000年及以后,除2004年,高温逼熟每年都有发生,且呈现增多增强趋势;2)赣中区域受高温逼熟灾害影响最严重,其次是赣北,赣南影响最小;3)当日最高气温超过35、36或37℃时,每天有3~4h超过这一界限气温;4)积热与产量及产量因子的相关性比高温时长更大;5)2005年以后,江西省农业气象观测站受高温逼熟灾害影响导致双季早稻单产损失3.9%~18.9%。     

台风过程强降水灾害对内陆地区影响预评估技术初步研究——以江西省为例

为开展内陆地区台风强降水灾害预评估业务,建立了具有可操作性的台风强降水灾害预评估模型,该模型根据台风对内陆地区的不利影响主要以强降水形式出现的特点,以江西为例,根据登陆后的台风路径预报结果,利用降水随海拔高度递增原理预测过程降水量级,建立了台风过程强降水量级预评估模型;考虑了孕灾环境、承灾体易损性等因素,通过强降水与灾害损失间的统计关系构建台风灾害预评估模型。结合地形地貌、社会经济等数据,在GIS软件平台下实现精度为1 km的格点灾害损失预测,制作台风强降水灾害预评估业务产品。并利用该技术在2007年第9号台风"圣帕"影响期间进行了业务实践,取得了较好的效果。